(Level 2) show me your proof: 2019-02-24

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Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures, without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam.
if you would like to see other related materials please follow these links:

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There are many different biogas and gasification techniques which we have talked to many times before the above links will send you to at least two of our previous discussions. But we're going to talk about two different techniques both will give you the ability to make fuel for your car, gas for your stove, and gas for your generator. This should totally get you off the grid if you learn the measurements you need to know how much gas is being produced and how long you can do it.

See reference material at the bottom of this page

A 600-gallon biogas generator in Oregon turns 15 pounds of food waste into cooking fuel daily. As food and yard waste decompose, methane and carbon dioxide are created, inflating the rubber bladder to create the pressure necessary to supply a gas burner. This biogas generator was designed by Hestia Home Biogas. Find out more at HestiaHomeBiogas.com.
Photo by Isaac Marquez

You can use many household organic “waste” materials to produce your own natural gas for cooking, lighting, and space and water heating. This gas, known as “biogas,” can also replace fossil-based natural gas to fuel an engine or an absorption cooling system, such as a gas refrigerator or chiller. Some gasoline engines are designed for or can be modified for use with natural gas, propane or biogas. Diesel engines can accept up to 80 percent biogas.

Biogas is a mixture of primarily flammable gases — mostly methane — along with carbon dioxide that forms anywhere organic material decomposes anaerobically (without oxygen), such as in water, deep in a landfill, or in the guts of animals, including you.

I prefer the term “generator” for the system, because it conveys the intention of producing something. By constructing a home biogas generator, you can make enough fuel to at least provide your cooking energy. A family with modest daily cooking needs will at a minimum require the output of a warm, well-fed, 200-gallon (27-cubic-foot) generator. This much biogas will allow for about one hour of daily stovetop cooking. Start small to develop an understanding of biogas by making a small generator from a single 55-gallon barrel. Find plans in The Homeowner’s Energy Handbook.

Home Much Homemade Biogas Energy Can You Make?

A well-managed methane digester can produce approximately its own volume of biogas each day. Anywhere from 10 to 60 percent of the solids will convert into biogas during digestion, so expect between 3 and 18 cubic feet of available biogas energy for each pound of dry material.

The exact makeup of biogas depends on what you feed to the digester. The main ingredient of biogas is methane. Methane (chemically known as CH4) is the primary component of conventional natural gas, commonly used for cooking and heating, although biogas is not as energy-dense. The methane content of biogas will probably range from 50 to 80 percent, compared with about 70 to 90 percent in utility-supplied natural gas. Natural gas contains up to 20 percent other combustible gases, such as propane, butane and ethane, while biogas does not. Biogas’ primary noncombustible components are carbon dioxide, some water vapor, nitrogen and possibly traces of hydrogen sulphide.

A good material for producing biogas in terms of both production and availability is freshly cut grass clippings, which can produce about 1-1⁄2 cubic feet of biogas per pound. At this rate, about 20 pounds of grass clippings will generate one hour of cooking fuel (grass silage is even better, requiring only about 10 pounds to produce this same amount of biogas). Food waste can yield slightly greater amounts of biogas per pound than grass, but most people will have access to grass clippings in larger quantities (see Slideshow to compare various materials). If you own a cow, fresh manure is well-suited for on-farm methane production, despite its relatively low yield per dry pound. One cow will produce about 140 pounds (18 gallons) of manure each day, which could ultimately generate, on average, 85 cubic feet of biogas, or about three hours of daily cooking fuel. (Keep in mind that manure produced during hours your cow is on pasture will be difficult to collect.)

Producing Biogas in a Methane Digester

If you can compost it, you can digest it. Ideal biogas ingredients are those materials of which you have a plentiful, convenient and consistent supply, so you can make steady and useful quantities of biogas. Nearly any combination of vegetables, food scraps, grass clippings, animal manure, meat, slaughterhouse waste and fats will work as long as your recipe contains the correct ratio of carbon and nitrogen. Avoid using too many woody products, such as wood chips and straw, which contain large amounts of lignin (a part of plant cell walls resistant to microbial breakdown), which tends to clog up the digestion process.

A methane generator usually contains a feeding tube for filling the digester vessel, an effluent outlet to remove digested solids and liquids (called the “digestate”), a gas outlet, and a collection tank for storing the biogas.

To produce biogas at home, first mix water with your organic material, or “feedstock.” The range of total solids in the mix for optimal biogas generation is 2 to 10 percent, meaning that 90 to 98 percent of the material inside your generator can be water, including the water that is part of your feedstock. Chop or shred solid material into 1-inch or smaller bits. Having more surface area available to microbes will promote better digestion of organic material. Fibrous material may digest more readily if it ages for a few days (allowing fungi and bacteria to begin breaking down the fiber) before going into the generator.

After you’ve added the feedstock, add enough water to make a slurry, and then add a starter culture of methane-producing organisms. These microbes, known as “methanogens,” exist naturally in most animal dung, so if you use manure, you won’t need to add them. But if you want to digest only food scraps or grass, you’ll need to inoculate the mix to get the biological processes going (ideally, you’ll need to do this only one time).

Maintain a temperature within the container that is close to body temperature, 90 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and you should be generating biogas in about a week. To reduce the amount of external heat required, place the generator in the sun or inside a greenhouse. For extra insulation, wrap the generator with thin, flexible foam insulation or even Bubble Wrap, covered with UV-resistant, 6-mil black or clear polyethylene plastic.

As you produce biogas, pipe it into a simple holding container, such as a small barrel inverted into a larger barrel that is filled with water (see Slideshow). Any storage container that is airtight and expandable as gas flows in and out can be used. Apply external weight to the storage container to achieve the correct pressure required by your gas appliance.

You’ll determine the retention time — the amount of time the generator takes to convert solids to biogas — through direct observation. After your generator is loaded and operating, keep track of the rate of gas production by observing the expansion of the gas collection barrel. When expansion slows, the production rate has dropped off, and it’s time to feed. You may need to feed every day or once per week, depending on your material mix and the conditions inside the generator. It is best to feed according to a recipe. (Learn about recipe development in The Homeowner’s Energy Handbook.)

Effluent is a low-odor blend of compostable solids and nutrient-rich liquid from your biogas generator. You can apply effluent directly to your garden as a soil amendment, but it’s wise to first compost effluent to destroy any pathogens.

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Table of Contents

Biogas is a gaseous mixture generated during anearobic digestion processes using waste water, solid waste (e.g. at landfills), organic waste, and other sources of biomass. Biogas can be upgraded to a level compatible with natural gas (‘green gas’) by cleaning (removal of H₂S, ammonia and some hydrocarbons from the biogas) and by increasing its methane share (by removing the CO₂). The resulting green gas can subsequently be delivered to the natural gas distribution grids. In developing countries, biogas could be an interesting energy option, in particular for those countries that rely heavily on traditional biomass for their energy needs.

Introduction top:

Biogas is a gaseous mixture generated during anearobic digestion processes using waste water, solid waste (e.g. at landfills), organic waste, e.g. animal manure, and other sources of biomass (Welink et al., 2007). Anaerobic digestion is the biological degradation of biomass in oxygen-free conditions. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic bacteria will ferment biodegradable matter into methane (40-70%), carbon dioxide (30-60%), hydrogen (0-1%) and hydrogen sulfide (0-3%), a mixture called biogas. Biogas is formed solely through the activity of bacteria. Although the process itself generates heat, additional heat is required to maintain the ideal process temperature of at least 35°C. In comparison, the methane component of natural gas could amount to over 80%. In nature, biogas is generated at the bottom of stagnated ponds, lakes, swamps or in the digestive system of animals (Jepma et al., 2006).
Biogas can be produced on a very small scale for household use, mainly for cooking and water heating or on larger industrial scale, where it can either be burnt in power generation devices for on-site (co)generation, or upgraded to natural gas standards for injection into the natural gas network as biomethane or for use directly as gaseous biofuel in gas engine-based captive fleets such as buses.
The feedstock, e.g. animal dung or sewage, is converted to a slurry with up to 95% water, and – for small-scale applications – fed into a purpose-built digester. Digesters come in many forms and sizes, which may range from 1 m³ for a small household unit to some 10 m³ for a typical farm plant and more than 1,000 m³ for a large installation (Larkin et al., 2004). Biogas production in such cases can be both continuous and in batches with digestion taking place for a period from ten days to a few weeks.
A small domestic biogas system will typically consist of the following components:

Manure collection: raw, liquid, slurry, semi-solid and solid manure can all be used for biogas production.
Anaerobic digester: The digester is the component of the manure management system that optimizes naturally occurring anaerobic bacteria to decompose and treat the manure while producing biogas.
Effluent storage: The products of the anaerobic digestion of manure in digesters are biogas and effluent. The effluent is a stabilized organic solution that has value as a fertilizer and other potential uses. Waste storage facilities are required to store treated effluent because the nutrients in the effluent cannot be applied to land and crops year round.
Gas handling: piping; gas pump or blower; gas meter; pressure regulator; and condensate drain(s).
Gas use: a cooker or boiler (EPA, 2010).

For applications on a larger scale, feedstocks such as sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants, wet agricultural residues and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) can be collected and used. Biogas can be used for all applications designed for natural gas, given a certain upgrading of its quality (IEA Bioenergy Task 37, 2005).
Upgrading can be done to a level compatible with natural gas (‘green gas’) by cleaning (removal of H₂S, ammonia and some hydrocarbons from the biogas) and by increasing the methane share (by removing the CO₂). (Welink et al., 2007).

Feasibility of technology and operational necessities top:

Small scale applications
Small scale biogas for household use is a simple, low-cost, low-maintenance technology, which has been used for decades across the developing world. Such small-scale applications are mostly implemented through programmes supported by governments. In such cases, it usually concerns rural areas and communities without connection to the grid. Although some cattle would be needed to feed the digester (about seven) and water needs to be available as well, other requirements are rather low.
Data on biomass use is often hard to access and difficult to evaluate because of the diversity in consumption patterns, differences in units of measurement, the lack of regular surveys and the variation in heat content of the different types of biomass.
The switch to biogas in cooking is not without challenges. According to the IEA, with an increase in income, households do not simply switch from one fuel to another. The use of multiple fuels in parallel may enhance energy security compared to reliance on a single fuel or technology. Besides, traditional food preparation processes are not easily being overhauled because of taste preferences and the familiarity of cooking with traditional technologies. Nevertheless, in the long run and on a regional scale, households in countries that become more wealthy are generally projected to shift from cooking exclusively with biomass to using more efficient technologies, amongst which biogas can be one option (IEA, 2006, 2008).
Currently, low per-capita incomes and a lack of awareness of the benefits of more sustainable fuels provide an important barrier. Therefore, financing investments in biogas installations, especially in least developed countries, is a problem. Hence, financing programmes and additional incentives are clearly needed to deal with this general reluctance among the target group. In India, for example, many of the biogas plants are concentrated on wealthier farms with a relatively large number of cattle (Boyle, 2004).
Large-scale applications
Industrial applications are designed to process large amounts of feedstock into biogas, which requires a well-developed logistical system for feedstock collection and effluent disposal. Because of costs associated with feedstock collection, the viability of such plants depends on the availability of very cheap or free feedstock such as sewage sludge, manure, agricultural residues or organic fractions of municipal solid waste. Decentralized farm-size units are increasing productivity by supplementing their feedstock with agricultural residues or crops (IEA Bioenergy, 2009).

Status of the technology and its future market potential top:

Both small and large scale anaerobic digestion is a well established commercial technology. Today, the highest degree of market maturity can be found in the area of municipal sludge treatment, industrial wastewater purification and treatment of agricultural wastes (GTZ, 2009). Improvements still need to be achieved in the use of contaminated feedstock, where biomass pre-treatment and separation processes are needed to remove contaminants which may end up in the digestate, making it unsuitable as fertilizer and difficult to dispose of (IEA Bioenergy, 2009).
There are regional differences in the application of biogas technologies, depending on the local situation and infrastructure available. In rural Asia, mostly small-scale biodigesters are used, that generate enough energy for farmers to become self-sustaining. According to the Dutch development organisation SNV (personal communication), which manages a small-scale biogas installations programme in Vietnam, an average Vietnamese farmer’s family need about five pigs and two cows in order to produce enough biogas for cooking. In general, in developing countries, biogas is mostly used for cooking, heating and lighting with a strong emphasis on the former two.
At present, China is the biggest biogas producer in the world, with around 18 million farm households using biogas and about 3,500 medium to large-scale digester units (DEFRA 2007). The use of the technology in municipal wastewater treatment has increasingly been deployed in Asia (India in particular) and Latin America. Agricultural biogas plants in developing countries are usually promoted as part of the solution to energy and environmental issues, in particular where liquid manure from agriculture causes severe water pollution (GTZ, 1999). Large biogas for domestic use programs have been rolled out in several developing countries, notably in Nepal, where around 150.000 biogas installations have been build over ten years (Bajgain & Shakya, 2005). A number of biogas-based CDM projects exist.
In Europe, on the other hand, demand for biogas comes mostly from the power generation and industry sectors (grid-connected). Although a significant potential exists for using biogas for electricity generation, further improvements are yet to be realised for a large-scale introduction. In the UK, for example, in the mid-1990s the total installed capacity remained under 1 MW. The first large-scale plant in the UK was commissioned in 2002 and built on the basis of a German/Danish design. It uses 146,000 tonnes of slurry per year from 28 farms, together with wastes from food processors, to supply the heat input for a generating capacity of 1.43 MW. The total efficiency in such large-scale applications depends on how the generated heat is used in the process. In Europe, a typical biogas plant has an average capacity of 250 to 300 kW with a minimum recommended capacity of 200 to 250 kW. The electricity delivered by the plant to the grid provides an extra source of income. In the whole of Europe, 5.9 Mtoe of biogas were produced in 2007 (Eurobserv’ER, 2008).
Because biogas can make a positive contribution to multiple goals in government programmes, it has the potential to increasingly become one of the most efficient and economical sources of renewable fuel with anaerobic digestion an economically viable technology for both small-scale rural applications in developing countries and for a range of scales in the developed world (IEA Bioenergy, Task 37, 2005). Therefore significant growth is expected in the coming years.

How the technology could contribute to socio-economic development and environmental protection top:

Both small and large scale biogas applications offer several direct and indirect benefits
Small scale applications
Social benefits

Smoke-free and ash-free kitchen, so women and their children are no longer prone to respiratory infections;
Women are spared the burden of gathering firewood;

Environmental and health benefits

Keeping manure and waste in a confined area and processing themin the digester reduces the amount of pollutants in the immediate environment and increases sanitation;
Households no longer need to extract wood for cooking, which can reduce deforestation levels where people heavily rely on woodfuel;
The sludge remaining after digestion is a good fertilizer, increasing land productivity (and farm incomes).
The release of methane is avoided thus contributing to climate mitigation. A single, small scale biodigester reduces between 3 and 5 tCO₂-eq./year,

Economic benefits

Buying (fossil) fuel resources (e.g. kerosene, LPG, charcoal or fuel wood) is no longer needed
Switching from traditional biomass resources (e.g., in developing countries) or fossil fuels (e.g. in industrialised countries) to biogas fired generation capacity improves security of energy supply (locally as well as nationally or regionally) as the feedstock can mostly be acquired locally

Figure 1 shows the benefits of a domestic biodigester in Cambodia, based on an analysis in the frame of Cambodia’s National Biodigester Programme.

Figure 3: Sustainable development benefits of a biodigester in Cambodia (Source: Bunny and Besselink, 2006)

Possible negative aspects of the biogas installations are the possible reduction in soil fertility since animal dung is now used as feedstock for the biogas installation instead of for fertilisation. This aspect can be addressed by using the bioslurry that remains as a side-product of the biogas production process for soil fertilisation. Another potential problem is related to the possible build-up of pathogens (worms, protozoa and some fatal bacteria such as salmonella) in the biogas system. A study carried out for biogas systems in Nepal has shown that some pathogens were present in the bio-slurry. Studies have been undertaken to explore whether the biogas systems could enhance the breeding of mosquitoes. However, no direct relation was found between biogas production and mosquito breeding (Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2007).
Industrial scale digesters also offer a number of benefits

Biogas can contribute to replace fossil fuels, thus reducing the emission of GHGs and other harmful emissions;
By tapping biogas in a biogas plant and using it as a source of energy, harmful effects of methane on the biosphere are reduced;
Industrial estates can, by processing their waste in a biogas plant, fulfill legal obligations of waste disposal while at the same time, generate energy for production processes, lighting or heating;
Municipalities can use biogas technology to solve problems in public waste disposal and waste water treatment (GTZ, 1999);
It’s a natural waste treatment process;
Requires less land then anaerobic composting;
Reduces disposed waste volume and weight to be landfilled;
It generates high quality renewable fuel proven to be useful in a number of end-use applications
It significantly reduces GHG emissions
It maximizes recycling benefits
Considering the whole life-cycle, it is more cost-effective then other waste treatment options (IEA Bioenergy, Task 37, 2005).

Technology Needs Assessment(TNA) on Cooking by: Zambia, Georgia, Sudan, Cambodia, Kenya, Mali and Azerbaijan
Several countries discussed biogas for cooking in their TNA.The benefits the technology offers for the environment and health is recognized by all. The TNAs highlight how the use of biogas instead of firewood, may counteract uncontrolled harvesting of forests and improve health by providing a smoke-free and ash-free kitchen. Furthermore, they all appreciate that women and children are spared the burden of gathering firewood. Kenya presents methane capture from bio digesters as a top priority, because it provides clean energy for rural households
With regard to the challenges, the high initial investment costs are recognized by all. Azerbaijan, Kenya and Zambia mention the lack of awareness and appropriate financing and distribution mechanism as major constraints. Kenya specifically highlight the lack of confidence in the technology due to the negative image caused by failed biogas plants. Zambia states that the main challenge is cultural among the rural communities associated with the handling of animal and human waste.

Climate top:

Green gas or biogas offers several sustainable development benefits since it is a clean and GHG-neutral source of energy. Most of the biogas has a methane component of 50 to 60%, a CO₂ component of 35 to 50%, and a relatively small amount of hydrogensulfide (H₂S) and ammonia. In comparison, the methane component of natural gas could amount to over 80%. Applying the CDM to biodigester type of projects or programmes has proven, to be problematic for various reasons. First, a single biodigester reduces between 3 and 5 tCO₂-eq./year, which makes bundling of project activities necessary in order to be able to cover transaction costs. Second, although small-scale methodologies for the accounting of GHG emission reductions have been applied to biogas projects in Nepal (see below), they have proven cumbersome to apply in the context of biodigester programmes and unpractical.
For calculation of these GHG emission reductions, it is recommended to apply the approved methodologies for thermal energy production with or without electricity, thermal energy for the user project (large scale activities) which has been developed under the Clean Development Mechanism of the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol (CDM). This methodology helps to determine a baseline for GHG emissions in the absence of the project (i.e. business-as-usual circumstances), how emission reductions below this baseline can be calculated, and how these reductions can be monitored. General information about how to apply CDM methodologies for GHG accounting can be found at: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html.

Financial requirements and costs top:

The major cost categories for a biodigester are (GTZ, 1999):

manufacturing or acquisition costs (production costs): all expenses and lost income which are necessary for the erection of the plant
operation and maintenance costs (running costs): acquisition and handling of the substrate (feedstock), if not acquired externally, feeding and operating of the plant; supervision, maintenance and repair of the plant; storage and disposal of the slurry; gas distribution and utilization;

The production costs of biogas plants are determined by the following factors:

purchasing costs or opportunity costs for land which is needed for the biogas plant and slurry storage;
model of the biogas plant;
size and dimensioning of the biogas unit
amount and prices of material
labor input and wages
the degree of participation of the future biogas user and his opportunity costs for labor.

A rough estimate of costs of a simple, unheated biogas plant, including all essential installations but not including land, is between 50-75 US$ per m3 capacity. 35 - 40% of the total costs are for the digester (GTZ, 1999). The Biogas for Africa initiative estimates the cost of a small household unit somewhat higher at 600-800 eur per unit (Biogas for Africa, 2007). For small scale applications in developing countries, the farmer typically contributes to financing the digester with payback periods depending on the price of otherwise purchased firewood/kerosene, as the digester has zero fuel costs. Only water and dung or leafy biomass material need to be collected.
For larger plants producing electricity from biogas, a rough estimate of capital costs of a digester and an engine of 0.3-10MW is between 3500 and 5500 US$/kWe (IEA Bioenergy, 2009).

Clean Development Mechanism market status top:

[This information is kindly provided by the UNEP Risoe Centre Carbon Markets Group.]
The following CDM methdologies are applied for biomass gasification projects: AMS-I.D.: Grid connected renewable electricity generation, AMS-III.I.: Avoidance of methane production in wastewater treatment through replacement of anaerobic systems by aerobic systems, AMS-III.H.: Methane recovery in wastewater treatment, AMS-I.A.: Electricity generation by the user and AMS-I.C.: Thermal energy production with or without electricity for small-scale projects.
As of March 2011, there are 14 biomass gasification projects in the CDM pipeline, out of which 8 are registered and for 1 project CERs have been issued.

References top:

Bajgain, S and Shakya, I.S. (2005): The Nepal Biogas Support Program: A Successful Model of Public Private Partnership For Rural Household Energy Supply, Published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands, SNV-Netherlands Development Organisation, Biogas Sector Partnership – Nepal
Biogas for Africa (2007): Biogas for better Life, An African Initiative, available online at http://www.biogasafrica.org/images/stories/downloads/business%20plan.pdf
Boyle, G. (2004) Renewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Bunny, H. and Besselink, I., 2006. The National Biodigester Programme in Cambodia in Relation to the Clean Development Mechanism, National Workshop on the Integrated Capacity Strengthening for the Clean Development Mechanism (ICS-CDM) in Cambodia. Available at http://www.iges.or.jp/en/cdm/pdf/cambodia/activity03/F.pdf
DEFRA (2007): Anaerobic digestion in agriculture: Policies and markets for growth, Workshop report, May 2007.
Eurobserv’Er (2008): Biogas Barometer, July 2008, available online on http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro186_a.pdf
EPA (2010): AgSTAR Handbook: A Manual for Developing Biogas Systems at Commercial Farms in the United States, available online at http://www.epa.gov/agstar/pdf/handbook/full_pdf.pdf
GTZ (1999): Biogas digest. Volume II: Biogas - application and product development Biogas Digest, available online on http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/04-5365.pdf
IEA Bioenergy (2009): Bioenergy – a Sustainable and reliable Energy Source, available online on http://www.ieabioenergy.com/LibItem.aspx?id=6479
IEA Bioenergy Task 37 (2005): Biogas Production and Utilization, available online at http://www.iea-biogas.net/Dokumente/Brochure%20final.pdf
IEA, (2006): Energy Technology Perspectives - Scenario and Strategies to 2050, in support of the G-8 Plan of Action, Paris, France.
IEA, (2008): Energy Technology Perspectives - Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. International Energy Agency, Paris, France.
Jepma, C.J. and Nakicenovic, N. (2006): Sustainable Development and the Role of Gas, EDReC/IIASA/IGU.
Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2007). Clean and sustainable? An evaluation of the contribution of the Clean Development Mechanism to sustainable development in host countries, IOB Evaluations, no. 307, the Hague, the Netherlands.
Welink, J-H., Dumont, M. and Kwant, K., 2007. Groen gas: gas van aardgaskwaliteit uit biomassa: update van de studie uit 2004, SenterNovem, pp. 34.
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