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The prospects for electric cars powered by a hydrogen fuel cell are increasingly encouraging. Companies like Toyota and others have new models that, for example in the United States, will be launched on the market in 2015. These vehicles do not generate polluting emissions. However, in many cases the hydrogen used is obtained from natural gas, a fossil fuel that contributes to global warming. Obtaining hydrogen from water at a reasonable cost would be ideal. Now, it seems that the latter can finally come true.
Scientists at Stanford University in California, United States, have developed a low-cost, zero-emission device that uses an ordinary AAA battery to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water. The battery sends an electrical current through two electrodes that decompose the liquid water in the hydrogen and oxygen gases. Unlike other systems for breaking down water by electricity using precious metal catalysts, the electrodes in the Stanford University apparatus are made of nickel and iron, which are cheap and abundant.
Using this promising device, the team of chemists Hongjie Dai and Ming Gong is able to decompose water at room temperature with a simple 1.5 volt battery. As far as is known, it is the first time that non-precious metal catalysts have been used to decompose water at such a low voltage. It is quite remarkable, because we would normally need expensive metals, such as platinum or iridium, to be able to use that voltage in electrolysis.
In addition to the production of hydrogen, the new system for decomposing water could be used to generate gaseous chlorine, as well as sodium hydroxide, substances with industrial utility.
![[Img # 22484]](https://noticiasdelaciencia.com/upload/img/periodico/img_22484.jpg)
Experimental prototype of the promising low cost device that uses an ordinary AAA battery to decompose water in oxygen and hydrogen gases. Gas bubbles are produced from cheap electrodes made of iron and nickel. (Photo: Mark Shwartz / Stanford Precourt Institute for Energy)
Car manufacturers have long considered the hydrogen fuel cell as a promising alternative to the gasoline engine. The technology of cells or fuel cells consists essentially in the opposite to the decomposition of water. A fuel cell combines stored hydrogen gas with oxygen from the atmosphere to produce electricity, which energizes the car. The only by-product is water, unlike the combustion of gasoline, which emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and various pollutants.
Earlier this year, Hyundai began offering rental vehicles with fuel cells in Southern California. Toyota and Honda will start selling this type of car in 2015. Most of these vehicles will work with hydrogen obtained in large industrial plants that produce it through the combination of very hot steam and natural gas, a process of high electricity consumption and that releases dioxide of carbon as a by-product.
Decomposing water to extract its hydrogen does not need fossil fuels and does not emit greenhouse gases.
The new nickel / nickel oxide catalyst dramatically reduces the voltage needed to break down water, which in the end will save billions of dollars in electrical costs to hydrogen manufacturers.
The next steps in the line of research and development of the team of Hongjie Dai and Ming Gong will be to prolong the useful life of the device, and create a version of it that works with electricity generated by solar energy.
(Video)
Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula NiO. It is notable as being the only well-characterized oxide of nickel (although nickel(III) oxide, Ni
2O
3 and NiO
2 have been claimed). The mineralogical form of NiO, bunsenite, is very rare. It is classified as a basic metal oxide. Several million kilograms are produced in varying quality annually, mainly as an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys.
Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula NiO. It is notable as being the only well-characterized oxide of nickel (although nickel(III) oxide, Ni
2O
3 and NiO
2 have been claimed). The mineralogical form of NiO, bunsenite, is very rare. It is classified as a basic metal oxide. Several million kilograms are produced in varying quality annually, mainly as an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys.
2O
3 and NiO
2 have been claimed). The mineralogical form of NiO, bunsenite, is very rare. It is classified as a basic metal oxide. Several million kilograms are produced in varying quality annually, mainly as an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys.
?)Contents
Production
NiO can be prepared by multiple methods. Upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give NiO. In some commercial processes, green nickel oxide is made by heating a mixture of nickel powder and water at 1000 °C, the rate for this reaction can be increased by the addition of NiO.[4] The simplest and most successful method of preparation is through pyrolysis of a nickel(II) compounds such as the hydroxide, nitrate, and carbonate, which yield a light green powder.[2] Synthesis from the elements by heating the metal in oxygen can yield grey to black powders which indicates nonstoichiometry.[2]
NiO can be prepared by multiple methods. Upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give NiO. In some commercial processes, green nickel oxide is made by heating a mixture of nickel powder and water at 1000 °C, the rate for this reaction can be increased by the addition of NiO.[4] The simplest and most successful method of preparation is through pyrolysis of a nickel(II) compounds such as the hydroxide, nitrate, and carbonate, which yield a light green powder.[2] Synthesis from the elements by heating the metal in oxygen can yield grey to black powders which indicates nonstoichiometry.[2]
Structure
NiO adopts the NaCl structure, with octahedral Ni2+ and O2− sites. The conceptually simple structure is commonly known as the rock salt structure. Like many other binary metal oxides, NiO is often non-stoichiometric, meaning that the Ni:O ratio deviates from 1:1. In nickel oxide this non-stoichiometry is accompanied by a color change, with the stoichiometrically correct NiO being green and the non-stoichiometric NiO being black.
NiO adopts the NaCl structure, with octahedral Ni2+ and O2− sites. The conceptually simple structure is commonly known as the rock salt structure. Like many other binary metal oxides, NiO is often non-stoichiometric, meaning that the Ni:O ratio deviates from 1:1. In nickel oxide this non-stoichiometry is accompanied by a color change, with the stoichiometrically correct NiO being green and the non-stoichiometric NiO being black.
Applications and reactions
NiO has a variety of specialized applications and generally applications distinguish between "chemical grade", which is relatively pure material for specialty applications, and "metallurgical grade", which is mainly used for the production of alloys. It is used in the ceramic industry to make frits, ferrites, and porcelain glazes. The sintered oxide is used to produce nickel steel alloys. Charles Édouard Guillaume won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on nickel steel alloys which he called invar and elinvar.
NiO was also a component in the nickel-iron battery, also known as the Edison Battery, and is a component in fuel cells. It is the precursor to many nickel salts, for use as specialty chemicals and catalysts. More recently, NiO was used to make the NiCd rechargeable batteries found in many electronic devices until the development of the environmentally superior NiMH battery.[4] NiO an anodic electrochromic material, have been widely studied as counter electrodes with tungsten oxide, cathodic electrochromic material, in complementary electrochromic devices.
About 4000 tons of chemical grade NiO are produced annually.[3] Black NiO is the precursor to nickel salts, which arise by treatment with mineral acids. NiO is a versatile hydrogenation catalyst.
Heating nickel oxide with either hydrogen, carbon, or carbon monoxide reduces it to metallic nickel. It combines with the oxides of sodium and potassium at high temperatures (>700 °C) to form the corresponding nickelate.[4]
Nickel oxide reacts with chromium(III) oxide in a basic moist environment to form nickel chromate:[citation needed]
- 2 Cr
2O
3 + 4 NiO + 3 O
2 → 4 NiCrO
4
NiO has a variety of specialized applications and generally applications distinguish between "chemical grade", which is relatively pure material for specialty applications, and "metallurgical grade", which is mainly used for the production of alloys. It is used in the ceramic industry to make frits, ferrites, and porcelain glazes. The sintered oxide is used to produce nickel steel alloys. Charles Édouard Guillaume won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on nickel steel alloys which he called invar and elinvar.
NiO was also a component in the nickel-iron battery, also known as the Edison Battery, and is a component in fuel cells. It is the precursor to many nickel salts, for use as specialty chemicals and catalysts. More recently, NiO was used to make the NiCd rechargeable batteries found in many electronic devices until the development of the environmentally superior NiMH battery.[4] NiO an anodic electrochromic material, have been widely studied as counter electrodes with tungsten oxide, cathodic electrochromic material, in complementary electrochromic devices.
About 4000 tons of chemical grade NiO are produced annually.[3] Black NiO is the precursor to nickel salts, which arise by treatment with mineral acids. NiO is a versatile hydrogenation catalyst.
Heating nickel oxide with either hydrogen, carbon, or carbon monoxide reduces it to metallic nickel. It combines with the oxides of sodium and potassium at high temperatures (>700 °C) to form the corresponding nickelate.[4]
Nickel oxide reacts with chromium(III) oxide in a basic moist environment to form nickel chromate:[citation needed]
- 2 Cr
2O
3 + 4 NiO + 3 O
2 → 4 NiCrO
4
Health Risks
Long-term inhalation of NiO is damaging to the lungs, causing lesions and in some cases cancer.
The calculated half-life of dissolution of NiO in blood is more than 90 days. NiO has a long retention half-time in the lungs; after administration to rodents, it persisted in the lungs for more than 3 months. Nickel oxide is classified as a human carcinogen based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers.
In a 2-year National Toxicology Program green NiO inhalation study, some evidence of carcinogenicity in F344/N rats but equivocal evidence in female B6C3F1 mice were observed; there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in male B6C3F1 mice.[8] Chronic inflammation without fibrosis was observed in the 2-year studies
Long-term inhalation of NiO is damaging to the lungs, causing lesions and in some cases cancer.
The calculated half-life of dissolution of NiO in blood is more than 90 days. NiO has a long retention half-time in the lungs; after administration to rodents, it persisted in the lungs for more than 3 months. Nickel oxide is classified as a human carcinogen based on increased respiratory cancer risks observed in epidemiological studies of sulfidic ore refinery workers.
In a 2-year National Toxicology Program green NiO inhalation study, some evidence of carcinogenicity in F344/N rats but equivocal evidence in female B6C3F1 mice were observed; there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in male B6C3F1 mice.[8] Chronic inflammation without fibrosis was observed in the 2-year studies
Video video video
Phillip J. Corso the Roswell talks about things that we are seen in these videos above, (reference starting at 16:10)
You also seen in the videos above the technology for transparent solar cells, instead of going across the land you go up in Towers, again giving you additional information on where we get our information. Then in this paper gas batteries we talked about making your own polymer Electro using plastic carbon and any additional metal powder you choose to add into this project. These simple DIY projects help you perform your own technology that they are now telling you, what they are using them for in the above videos, sounds complicated but broken down in these papers are the experiments of media library using the information we gathered from these places. It is incredible that people believe we are so far advanced when we are just simply informed better like nitinol wire see reference, media library has been trying to break down these projects to you in simple DIY projects and we've asked many times to join us in building these projects so you have a better understanding what they been keeping from you. Are papers on MacGyver ism
Tries to relay to you how easy it is to take two different projects and combine them into one, like night no wire and the piezo generated crystal you get out of those Christmas cards, which means that you have creating a thermal electricity better and lighter and smaller than what's being sold on the market. a little piece of nitinol wire put in between those types of crystals
this should help you understand where we get our information from what we're doing with it, if you would like more information call Media Library 313-651-5349 join us on our conference calls or find out when we're going to have one, or simply go back and listen to earlier broadcasting's. If available!
Phillip J. Corso the Roswell talks about things that we are seen in these videos above, (reference starting at 16:10)
You also seen in the videos above the technology for transparent solar cells, instead of going across the land you go up in Towers, again giving you additional information on where we get our information. Then in this paper gas batteries we talked about making your own polymer Electro using plastic carbon and any additional metal powder you choose to add into this project. These simple DIY projects help you perform your own technology that they are now telling you, what they are using them for in the above videos, sounds complicated but broken down in these papers are the experiments of media library using the information we gathered from these places. It is incredible that people believe we are so far advanced when we are just simply informed better like nitinol wire see reference, media library has been trying to break down these projects to you in simple DIY projects and we've asked many times to join us in building these projects so you have a better understanding what they been keeping from you. Are papers on MacGyver ism
Tries to relay to you how easy it is to take two different projects and combine them into one, like night no wire and the piezo generated crystal you get out of those Christmas cards, which means that you have creating a thermal electricity better and lighter and smaller than what's being sold on the market. a little piece of nitinol wire put in between those types of crystals
this should help you understand where we get our information from what we're doing with it, if you would like more information call Media Library 313-651-5349 join us on our conference calls or find out when we're going to have one, or simply go back and listen to earlier broadcasting's. If available!
just to recap the videos above here they are again.
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